Historical re-enactment has been practiced by adults for millennia. Games industry company Hasbro purchased fantasy game publisher Wizards of the Coast in 1998 for an estimated $325 million. In thirty years the genre has grown from a few hobbyists and boutique publishers to an economically significant part of the games industry, though grass-roots and small business involvement remains substantial. Media attention both increased sales and stigmatized certain games. Though role-playing has been accepted by some religious organizations, a few continue to object.
Some educators support role-playing games as a healthy way to hone reading and arithmetic skills. Academic research has discredited these claims. The game Dungeons & Dragons was a subject of controversy in the 1980s when well-publicized opponents claimed it caused negative spiritual and psychological effects. This has led to confusion among some non-players about the nature of fantasy gaming. Role-playing games are substantially different from competitive games such as ball games and card games.
Within the rules, the participants may improvise freely their choices shape the direction and outcome of the games. Traditionally all the participants but one take on characters and determine the actions of their characters based on their characterization and the actions succeed or fail according to a system of rules and guidelines, and one of the participants takes on the role of game master (or GM for short) who narrates the story, plays all the non-player characters and determine the challenge rating and the outcome of various actions. A role-playing game (RPG) is a type of game in which the participants assume the roles of characters and collaboratively create stories. The history of role-playing games begins with an earlier tradition of role-playing, which combined with the rulesets of fantasy wargames in the 1970s to give rise to the modern role-playing game.
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